according to Plotinus, it is possible for the soul of the philosopher to follow a way of ascension towards the superior realities. This way is composed of two parts. The first one goes from the sensible world to the Intellect and the second, from the Intellect to the one. In this paper, I investigate the trópos and mēkhanaí, as Plotinus writes in I, 6, necessary to this journey.

O objetivo do artigo é apresentar alguns aspectos das reflexões de Franklin Leopoldo e Silva sobre a presença da filosofia na educação básica no Brasil. Nesse intento, também analisaremos algumas considerações suas sobre o ideal de formação no ensino superior.

Política y perdón / Jacques Derrida / - Hacia una cultura del perdón / Christian Schumacher / - La práctica del perdón en el judaísmo, el cristianismo y el Islam / - Alfredo Goldsmith / - La cultura del perdón como factor de construcción social / Oscar Lara Melo / - Venganza y transformación. Notas para una antropología de la venganza / Roberto Pinesa Camacho / - Venganza y cultura en Bogotá / Arturo Laguado / - El perdón jurídico a (...) la luz de la constitución colombiana y del derecho internacional / Marco Gerardo Monroy Cabra / - El perdón entre razón y no razón / Darío Botero / - La ética del perdón / Camila de Gamboa / - La obligación moral de recordar / Pablo de Greiff / - Perdón y proceso de reconciliación / Jorge Orlando Melo / - Castigo, perdón y reconciliación : el caso de Sudáfrica / David Crocker / - Una opinión pública sólida para la reconciliación y la reconstrucción nacional / Fabio López de la Roche / - Proceso de paz y construcción de región / Francisco de Roux / - Lo públ... (shrink)

Segundo Plotino, devemos subir novamente ao Bem, que toda alma deseja (En. I, 6, 7, 1-2). De fato, descobrimos nas Enéadas algumas importantes passagens a respeito da ascensão da alma em direção ao Intelecto e o Um. Não é claro, todavia, qual a natureza dessa ascensão: Plotino escreve sobre aspectos diferentes do processo nos diversos textos. Neste artigo, tento analisar alguns desses aspectos, pensando a ascensão como despertar, orientação das faculdades da alma, interiorização e conversão.

The present article intends at shedding some light on how Voltaire's Candide enacts its criticism of the Leibnizian system. In order to do that, we shall follow different paths. Firstly, we will consider a brief history of the problem of evil, especially the Bayle and Leibniz debate on it. Secondly, we shall briefly refer to Voltaire's metaphysics of evil. The almost forty years he dedicated to the question are not monotonous, they are constituted of variations, approximations and criticisms on both (...) Alexander Pope and Leibniz. Thirdly, we shall consider some examples of caricatures of Leibniz's philosophy in Candide in order to show that they bear real criticism on the philosophical optimism. (shrink)

The Western Legal Tradition (WLT) is a child of the Cold War era. Originally conceived by the Harvard legal historian HJ Berman in his 1950 book on Justice in Russia, a work aimed at explaining to the West what laid beyond the Iron Curtain, this idea gives life to an account set out in an opposition in which the West and Soviet Russia are defined with the features missing to each other. In those pages is the blueprint for his two (...) well-known volumes published in 1983 and 2003, and for a third volume left unfinished. -/- The WLT grows from another legacy from the Cold War era: human rights history. While this theme entered public debate fuelled by the concern with human rights in the Eastern European countries during the Cold War era, this paper shows how the WLT absorbed this theme hijacking a core component of continental legal science (subjectives Recht) re-engineered by political theorists into the major identitary element of the WLT in an eternity history rooted in medieval canon law. (shrink)

What is comparative legal history? This essay argues that to understand this new field of legal-historical studies, we need first to clarify how legal historiography has changed over time. To this purpose, this essay begins from two main ideas. -/- First, the writing of legal history is deeply intertwined with an image of law that tells us what law is, how it is created and by whom. This is, in fact, the premise for writing legal history, as it determines the (...) object of investigation. Second, the decades between 1930 and 1960 saw a profound turn in European legal science. Some legal scholars challenged the legacy received from the 19th century and launched an attack on the ‘formalism’ at the heart of its intellectual framework. -/- Those path-breaking insights gave life to a wave of works self-styled as comparative legal history published in the period 1930–60. At their heart were some of the challenging ideas that have continued to fuel original legal-historical research in the last few decades (e.g. to place law in context, to think outside the doctrinal box, the dislike of abstract theorising) and which today are shared as an obvious truth. They are the fruit of the antiformalist turn of between1930 and 1960. (shrink)

Insects reevaluated as archives foreground possible sites of multidisciplinary research, with multifaceted potential for the history of science. With different disciplinary approaches to the study of small animals and the production of collections, the history of science, archaeology, environmental history, and natural history are brought into conversation in this forum on “Collection Ecologies.” This exchange about collections as a web of relationships entailing regimes of value, epistemes of logistics, and bureaucratic and scientific practices explores how multidisciplinary knowledge of “natural” bodies (...) can be formed around insect collections. (shrink)

In most western countries, there is a 'human organ shortage' with waiting lists for the performance of transplantation. In a recent report of the UNOS Ethics Committee it is stated that there are approximately 31,000 potential recipients on waiting lists, but only one fourth of potential donors give their specific consent. Xenotransplantation--defined as the transplantation of animal cells, tissues or organs into human beings--is associated with particular ethical dilemmas, namely the problems of efficiency and safety of this medical procedure. The (...) objective of this study is to analyse the ethical dilemmas in xenotransplantation with the background of a personal view of moral life. Also, xenotransplantation will be evaluated as far as the legal regulation of transplantation is concerned. In particular, we will consider patients rights in accordance with existing laws on organ and tissue transplantation, animal research and clinical trials. (shrink)

The aim of the present paper is to provide a logical reconstruction of the Marxian Theory of Value. This reconstruction is based upon the concept of abstract as opposed to that of homogeneous labor. Abstract labour is a social relation that holds in a market economy, (at least) whenever the profit rate is uniform; it consists in a comparison of the different labors through the exchange relationship. The author proved in a different place (see García de la Sienra, 1987) that (...) there exists a mathematical representation of abstract labor which is unique up to similarity transformations. The existence of this function — which is none other than the value function — is the basis of the present axiomatization, which includes detailed reconstructions of two of the most important models of the theory. (shrink)

The Doctrina ad Antiochum ducem, incorrectly attributed to Athanasius of Alexandria, owes its importance to the transmission of extensive extracts from the Shepherd of Hermas. Doctrina is transmitted in Greek in two recensions, a brevior and a longa ; however the same recensio longa has been subject to a number of redactional phases. A Latin version edited only recently, the object of this present study, sheds light on these later redactions. Stylistic and historical-literary considerations prompt a dating in the 40’s (...) of the sixth century and assign paternity to Paschasius of Dumium, a monkwho lived in a monastery of the same name in northwest of Braga that was founded at the same time by Martin of Braga. The dating of the Latin version also entails a more precise dating of the original Greek, assignable to the beginning of the sixth century. (shrink)

The aim of the present paper is to attack some of the conceptual problems that arise when the framework of mathematical learning theory is applied to the description of the behavior of the firm, in setting prices and production quotas, in a competitive market. The goal is to depict the process by which the firm fixes prices and production quotas as a stochastic learning process. A solution to such problems is proposed which is based on statistical-decision concepts. The conceptualization of (...) the behavior of the firm by means of concepts pertaining to mathematical learning theory gives rise to certain mathematical problems, which are formulated here in rather precise terms. (shrink)

Aurélio Agostinho, when he was consecrated bishop in Hippo, had contact with a community in a situation of extreme social inequality, and adding to his understanding of bidirectional love (to God and neighbor), translated into nonconformity with the suffering of others, in the function as a bishop he had the opportunity to fight with the weapons at his disposal for a less undignified life for the poorest. Therefore, the concept of poverty that appears between the lines of his texts and (...) sermons is translated as a lack of material resources that makes it impossible for people to get the basics for survival. Among the weapons used by the philosopher bishop is the exhortation in his sermons, which in addition to denouncing the intense inequality of society, pondered on ways to resolve this huge gap between rich and poor. Thus, in this article we will analyze Augustine's lucubrations in sermons: 345, 355, 60, 61, 161, 14, which critically reflect poverty and wealth. The aforementioned sermons stand out on the subject for their critical reflections, because, although they treat the rich and their accumulation of wealth very harshly, showing solidarity with the less favored, and at different times they also have a critical look at the poor they idealized as a dream., desire or life goal to possess riches. (shrink)

Written in 620 ca., the Pandectes of the Holy Scripture of Antiochus, monk of the Great Laura of Saint-Sabas, represents a remarkable example of the kefavlaia literary genre in the early Byzantine period. It includes, among its many patristic sources, a series of 26 passages borrowed from the Epistles of Ignatius of Antioch, used in their recensio media. The quotations are distributed in 13 of the 130 total chapters of the work. The present study aims not only to evaluate the (...) textual contribution of the Pandectes to the study of the Epistles of Ignatius, but also attempts a critical outline of its wide manuscript tradition and text. (shrink)

The life of Saint Teresa of Jesus, the most famous mystic of sixteenth-century Spain, was characterized by recurrent visions and states of ecstasy. In this paper, we examine social components related to Teresa’s personal crises and the historical conditions of her times, factors that must be taken into account to understand these unusual forms of experience and behavior. Many of these factors (e.g., increasing individualism and reflexivity) are precursors of the condition of modern times. Indeed, certain parallels can be observed (...) between Saint Teresa and certain present-day psychopathological disorders. The analogy should not, however, be carried too far. Religion played a particularly crucial role in Teresa’s cultural context; as a result, it would be misleading to view her mystical experiences as resulting from a mental disorder. (shrink)

In the Platonic dialogue that bears his name, Protagoras in a myth and in a logos positively affirms the absolute character of universal moral values, such as force themselves upon all men; this makes one think that the famous man-measure dictum was subservient to the ends that the sophist had in view as a teacher of areté. Indeed, his condemnation in that dialogue of the sophists who, like Hippias, included in their teaching mathematical and naturalistic studies must be connected with (...) the criticism of mathematics reported by an Aristotelian text. These studies, that is to say purely theoretic disciplines, were considered by Protagoras not only useless for the spiritual formation of men and citizens, but also void of any certitude and objectivity whatever. We feel therefore allowed to suggest that also the man-measure principle had to perform an office of the same kind: to show that natural philosophy could not yield an objective knowledge of φύσις which formed its object, because such knowledge is denied to man. (shrink)

Hasta ahora, las discusiones sobre el multiculturalismo se han presentado como una revisión progresista de los límites del liberalismo en cuanto a políticas de inclusión y reconocimiento. Este artículo plantea que la recepción del multiculturalismo en Latinoamérica, si no quiere ser puramente procedimental, puede plantearse como una deconstrucción de los conceptos de Sujeto y Estado. Para ello hemos adoptado el punto de vista de comunidades étnicamente diferenciadas (que Deleuze y Guattari han categorizado como máquinas territoriales), de modo que sus relaciones (...) de poder y sus procesos de subjetivación puedan ser vistos como expresión de lo intraestatal y lo preindividual, respectivamente. Aunque esta diferencia de perspectiva se plantea, básicamente, como un diferendo entre teorías, al final se sugieren criterios para un debate más amplio sobre las relaciones entre Estado y capitalismo alrededor de las condiciones de existencia de las sociedades premodernas. (shrink)

This article explores the sources of the concept of difference advanced by Deleuze and, in particular, the idea of a non-phenomenological difference, understood as internal difference. In the first part, Deleuze’s appropriation of the concepts of memory and duration proposed by Bergson is explored, as if it corresponded with a response to Heidegger’s systematization of Nietzsche, thus opening the concept of forces to others such as heterogeneity, relativity, and multiplicity. The second part contains a dicussion of the hypothesis according to (...) which the immersion in the Bergsonian synthesis of time results in the justification for the reformulation of the eternal return as repetition, the distinctively deleuzian problem of internal difference, and the concept of virtual as the definitive sign of a new plane of immanence for thought. The article concludes by presenting the internal difference from the outside that overflows it and makes it mutate in the whole of Deleuzian philosophy. (shrink)

Este ensayo se plantea las relaciones entre dos regímenes de visibilidad: pintura y televisión, que parecen constitutivos de la tradición cultural en Occidente. El propósito es analizar esa relación siguiendo tres estrategias: la primera, traza la genealogía que va del cuadro como modo privilegiado de representación visual a la pantalla como medio privilegiado de simulación; la segunda, rastrea los diferendos y las hibridaciones entre arte y televisión, contrastando el “déficit de realidad” que caracteriza al arte en relación con el exceso (...) de copias, reproducciones y simulaciones de “lo real” que caracteriza la televisión; por último, se sugieren formas de resistencia a las políticas de producción masiva de imágenes televisivas en el mundo actual. (shrink)

The present article aims at postulating cannibalism as a fundamental axis for the analysis of the processes of subjectivation of Spanish America since the 15th century. The hypothesis is that this process has gone through three stages, which allow for the delimitation of the differences of what I shall refer to, for now, as regimes of cannibalism understood as subjectivation processes:(i) Anthropophagic or of ritual war.(ii) Mimetic or of colonial incorporation(iii) Iconic or of mediatic absorption, at a global level.In order (...) to construct the regimes of cannibalism as a concept I have chosen to use two perspectives: the one which speaks of the ritual experimentation of anthropophagy from the inside and the one which moves through the variants of that double desire for the other’s desire that makes every process of colonization possible; in the known forms of territorial annexation, incorporation (productive, spiritual, institutional) and absorption by the global system of mediatization. (shrink)

El artículo aborda la relación filosofía/literatura teniendo plan en el contexto de la moderna novela latinoamericana. En la primera parte se retoman las discusiones sobre el indigenismo para examinar hasta donde la crítica y el olvido del que fue objeto son justificados. La pregunta, en este caso, es si se trata de un problema filosófico relativo a la representación y, si es el caso, cómo escapa la novela a la filosofía de la representación “indigenista” para hacerse plenamente moderna. La segunda (...) parte describe la influencia del surrealismo en la novela americana, para mostrar cómo la pregunta por lo moderno es una pregunta por el presente que O. Paz logró formular desde muy pronto en sus ensayos teórico-poéticos. La tercera parte plantea la pregunta por los mundos literarios y su relación indisociable con el yo, el punto de vista y el ensamblaje desbordante del concepto de máquina literaria a la imagen del sujeto-escritor. (shrink)

A precariedade ou até mesmo a ausência de políticas públicas que concorram efetivamente a favor da diminuição da desigualdade racial dificulta que negros ocupem cargos considerados de maior destaque, prestígio na iniciativa privada e no serviço público. Além disso, apesar do senso comum de que não existe racismo no Brasil, quaisquer inciativas de inclusão racial são amplamente criticadas, principalmente no âmbito das redes sociais, por indivíduos contrários ao protagonismo negro no mundo do trabalho. Inclusive, nessa perspectiva, no ambiente interacional tecnológico (...) mediado pela internet, muitos internautas acusam as marcas de racismo reverso quando o protagonismo não é branco. Mas, será que existe racismo reverso no país? A partir daí, então, o presente artigo busca problematizar a questão da existência de racismo reverso, tendo como base as narrativas em disputa produzidas no contexto da inciativa da rede varejista Magazine Luiza de abrir vagas apenas para negros para o cargo de trainee. (shrink)

Se aborda en este trabajo un tema tan antiguo y general, pero al mismo tiempo tan actual, como las diferencias y posibles relaciones entre la materia y el espíritu. Se hace a través de la consideración de fenómenos como las «cosmovisiones», o interpretaciones generales de lo que es nuestro mundo y lo que los hombres hacemos en él, surgidos periódicamente en la humanidad como consecuencia de grandes descubrimientos y grandes teorías explicativas de la naturaleza de nuestro universo, incluyendo al hombre (...) dentro de él. Sugerimos que estamos entrando en la séptima cosmovisión y la definimos en términos generales. El perfeccionamiento de la especie humana fisiológica y mentalmente puede que sea uno de los resultados concretos a los que pueden dar lugar las nuevas interpretaciones y los cambios tecnológicos que las acompañan, así como la utilización de la Inteligencia Artificial Fuerte y la creación de robots humanoides y «máquinas espirituales». Más importante que todo ello, y a lo que especialmente nos referimos, es el hecho de que la nueva etapa del hombre ante la que estamos, puede caracterizarse por un mayor papel del espíritu, la consciencia, y la subjetividad en la marcha de nuestro mundo, algo a lo que contribuyen las nuevas concepciones relacionadas con la Mecánica Cuántica y con la posibilidad de existencia de un Universo Consciente. (shrink)

A partir de la noción de regímenes de signos, propuesta por Deleuze y Guattari, la semiótica se concibe como una pragmática general donde se articula el conjunto de los sistemas de signos. Desde esa perspectiva, el presente artículo trata de ver cómo el sacrificio del corazón y la pulsión antropofágica, que identifican las grandes culturas prehispánicas de Mesoamérica, pueden ser proyectados como plano de contenido de una semiótica mixta a escala imperial. Numerosos estudiosos y eruditos han intentado postular, a partir (...) de allí, una estructura simbólica fundamental de la cultura maya o azteca. Nosotros simplemente queremos describir ciertos enunciados rituales -donde coinciden los textos etnográficos de Sahagún y las escrituras legadas por los aztecas- a fin de comprender el rol de lo que Lyotard llama "figural''. para otros lo prejudicativo, en el pensamiento delos antiguos mexicanos. (shrink)

A presente pesquisa tem como escopo analisar como as denominadas “razões de segurança” enquanto justificadoras de medidas excepcionais e a existência de uma peste são visualizadas por Giorgio Agamben enquanto paradigmas de governo. O objetivo é demonstrar como esses dois fatores, com a pandemia do coronavírus, se uniram e se transformaram no que o filósofo italiano denomina biossegurança. Para tanto, tratando-se de pesquisa essencialmente bibliográfica, de abordagem qualitativa, serão exploradas obras de Agamben sobre seu método, textos anteriores ao COVID-19 e (...) seus alertas acerca dos dispositivos de controle adotados no combate ao vírus. A partir disso, conclui-se pela importância da tarefa do filósofo em lançar constantemente seu olhar crítico sobre os fenômenos atuais, momentos de seu tempo e história, enquanto esta ainda está em curso. (shrink)

Esta obra ofrece un sumario de las partes capitales en la ciencia del Derecho, haciendo destacar los principios que informan el Derecho todo y son el fundamento de su unidad ideal.

O presente artigo apresenta uma série de considerações sobre o tema do racismo no pensamento Iluminista com a intenção tanto de contribuir para a análise dos fundamentos do racismo moderno quanto para apresentar uma defesa da história da filosofia como disciplina capaz de auxiliar a tarefa de crítica filosófica de nosso presente. Em primeiro lugar, sugere uma série de reflexões gerais sobre maneiras de abordar e aprofundar a reflexão sobre o racismo no pensamento moderno, sobretudo no século XVIII. Em segundo (...) lugar, reflete sobre a categoria Iluminismo considerando seus aspectos históricos e filosóficos e a variedades de posições filosóficas que a noção abriga. Por fim, considera as manifestações racistas dentro da obra de Voltaire, levando em conta os comentários anteriores e a ambivalência das posições do autor para mostrar que seu racismo não se funda em uma filosofia da história como defesa da civilização europeia, mas em suas posições poligenistas gestadas em seu embate contra a ortodoxia cristã e sua explicação da origem dos seres humanos. (shrink)

Este artículo pretende mostrar la convivencia de dos estructuras de pensamiento en la escolástica española y, especialmente, en Suárez. Vitoria presenta una visión comunitaria del orden internacional y sus enseñanzas serán transmitidas a Suárez, quien, al contrario, presenta una visión societaria del orden internacional. Esta diferencia no es una casualidad, sino un auténtico cambio de paradigma en el sabio granadino, que hace de él un autor más próximo a la modernidad que a la tradición escolástica. Gracias a un estudio comparado (...) mostraremos el punto de inflexión que supone Suárez en el tránsito hacia la modernidad y su idea de un orden mundial fundado en una sociedad de Estados. (shrink)

No Brasil, diversos grupos de pesquisa apresentam interesse em aprofundar a Educação em outros países latinoamericanos. A presente pesquisa forma parte do grupo “Filosofia e Educação” (Educogitans), Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brasil, que tem interesse em aprofundar a problemática epistemológica educacional latino americana. Colômbia é um dos países com uma expressiva produção sobre a referida problemática. Assim, o objetivo da presente pesquisa é identificar e analisar algumas concepções de cientificidade no pensamento epistemológico da educação na Colômbia. (...) Visa aprofundar as concepções de Ciências da Educação por parte de autores colombianos. Também se aprofundará em como consideram o objeto da epistemologia e sua importância para a América Latina. Os dados foram coletados mediante os levantamentos bibliográficos e documentais e interpretados no contexto das perspectivas da epistemologia da Educação na América Latina. (shrink)